The Supreme Court of Canada has affirmed the availability for damages for Charter breaches. The language of s. 24(1) of the Charter is broad enough to include the remedy of constitutional damages for breach of a claimant’s Charter rights if such remedy is found to be appropriate and just in the circumstances of a particular case.

The first step in the inquiry is to establish that a Charter right has been breached; the second step is to show why damages are a just and appropriate remedy, having regard to whether they would fulfill one or more of the related functions of compensation, vindication of the right, and/or deterrence of future breaches.

Once the claimant has established that damages are functionally justified, the state has the opportunity to demonstrate, at the third step, that countervailing factors defeat the functional considerations that support a damage award and render damages inappropriate or unjust. Countervailing considerations include the existence of alternative remedies.

Claimants need not show that they have exhausted all other recourses. Rather, it is for the state to show that other remedies including private law remedies or another Charter remedy are available in the particular case that will sufficiently address the Charter breach. Concern for effective governance may also negate the appropriateness of s. 24(1) damages. In some situations, the state may establish that an award of Charter damages would interfere with good governance such that damages should not be awarded unless the state conduct meets a minimum threshold of gravity.

If the state fails to negate that the award is “appropriate and just”, the final step is to assess the quantum of the damages. To be “appropriate and just”, an award of damages must represent a meaningful response to the seriousness of the breach and the objectives of s. 24(1) damages. Where the objective of compensation is engaged, the concern is to restore the claimant to the position he or she would have been in had the breach not been committed. With the objectives of vindication and deterrence, the appropriate determination is an exercise in rationality and proportionality.

Generally, the more egregious the breach and the more serious the repercussions on the claimant, the higher the award for vindication or deterrence will be. In the end, s. 24(1) damages must be fair to both the claimant and the state. In considering what is fair to both, a court may take into account the public interest in good governance, the danger of deterring governments from undertaking beneficial new policies and programs, and the need to avoid diverting large sums of funds from public programs to private interests. Damages under s. 24(1) should also not duplicate damages awarded under private law causes of action, such as tort, where compensation of personal loss is at issue.

See: Vancouver (City) v. Ward, 2010 SCC 27

The Brampton Flower City Centennial Rotary Club held its annual Gala on July 15, 2010 at the Mississauga Grand Banquet Hall. The event was sold out and was a tremendous success in recognizing community service and leadership. Peel Regional Police Chief M. Metcalf was honored for his leadership and dedication to the community and was presented with the 2010 Citizen of the Year Award.

Toronto Criminal Lawyer

Picture: From left to right (Claude Armstrong, Aswani K. Datt, Peel Regional Police Chief M. Metcalf and Dhaman Kissoon)

The following is an excerpt that I wrote on a paper dealing with Restorative Justice

In the criminal sphere, the modern restorative justice movement flowed out of the prison abolition movement and the application of aboriginal and Christian teachings to informal dispute resolution methods. In the civil law context, restorative justice is beginning to be recognized as an important aspect of alternative dispute resolution in situations where wrongs have been committed.

Although restorative justice also has origins in other cultures, the major influences on the North American movement are aboriginal teachings, faith communities, prison abolition advocates, and the alternative dispute resolution movement.

John Braithwaite has described restorative justice as encompassing the following specific objectives:

• • Restore property loss

  • Restore injury

  • Restore sense of security

  • Restore sense of empowerment

  • Restore deliberative democracy

  • Restore harmony based on a feeling that justice has been done

  • Restore social support

To be clear, restorative justice is not considered a “lighter punishment” by the courts. As a general matter restorative justice involves some form of restitution, reintegration into the community and empowerment to victims of crime.

In 1996, the Canadian Parliament enacted Bill C-41, reforming Canada’s sentencing regime and explicitly incorporating restorative principles into Part XXIII of the Criminal Code. Restorative justice principles now permeate the sentencing process in several ways.

Two of the six objectives of sentencing that the Criminal Code requires a judge consider in all sentencing decisions explicitly incorporate principles of restorative justice: the reparation of harm done to victims or the community, and the promotion of a sense of responsibility and acknowledgment of the harm done by offenders. Rehabilitation has been understood as restorative in nature by the Supreme Court of Canada.

Section 718.2(e) of the Criminal Code sets out further principles of sentencing and stipulates that judges consider “all sanctions other than imprisonment that are reasonable in the circumstances, with particular attention to the circumstances of aboriginal offenders.” This provision has been held to mandate that incarceration be the sanction of last resort for all offenders at sentencing.

Finally, Parliament created the conditional sentence of imprisonment, whereby a court may order an offender to serve a sentence of imprisonment in the community. The conditional sentence of imprisonment has been interpreted as a sentence that can fulfill both restorative and punitive objectives.

During a conditional sentence order, the offender is obliged to comply with a number of compulsory conditions, and optional conditions crafted for the specific offender may also be imposed. If any of the conditions are violated, the offender may be ordered to serve the balance of the term in custody. The purpose underlying the conditional sentence was to reduce, in a safe and principled way, the number of offenders committed to custody.

In R. v. Gladue the Supreme Court of Canada was asked to rule on the effect of specific sentencing provisions in the Criminal Code directed at Aboriginals and First Nation Peoples. While the case dealt with a true crime, the concept of restorative justice as a sentencing tool was affirmed by the court. Restorative justice was described by the Supreme Court of Canada as:

an approach to remedying crime in which it is understood that all things are interrelated and that crime disrupts the harmony which existed prior to its occurrence, or at least which it is felt should exist. The appropriateness of a particular sanction is largely determined by the needs of the victims, and the community, as well as the offender. The focus is on the human beings closely affected by the crime.

Restorative Justice has existed in Canada prior to these legislative changes as part of a patchwork of laws. Under section 717 of the Criminal Code and section 4 of the Young Offenders Act 1984, the police may refer the case to alternative measures or other diversion programs before they lay charges. After the accused has been charged, matters may be referred to alternative measures programs or community justice committees. If the matter is successfully resolved at this stage, the charges may be suspended.

Tracey Tyler

LEGAL AFFAIRS REPORTER

An influential trial lawyers’ association – which includes many of Canada’s top litigators – has thrown its support behind Toronto defence lawyers who are boycotting legal aid cases.

The citizens of Ontario can no longer afford the cost of a legal aid system that pays so poorly only the least-experienced lawyers are willing to accept cases, said Marie Henein, vice-president of The Advocates’ Society.

It creates too many inefficiencies in the justice system, she said.

“The adage, which applies to this market as well, is you get what you pay for,” Henein told the Toronto Star today.

“What is happening is the lawyers who are being driven out are the people who are able to negotiate resolutions (to cases before a trial) and have the presence and seniority to manage clients and the ability to streamline the process,” she said.

Raising the legal aid tariff makes good business sense because it will attract the most experienced lawyers back into doing the work, argues the society, a broad-based organization that includes family and immigration lawyers as well as civil litigators.

Criminal lawyers launched their boycott June 1 to protest the provincial government’s refusal to raise the tariff, which currently pays $77 to $98 an hour depending on their experience level, with caps on the number of hours paid.

The boycott, which involves lawyers with more than five years experience, applies to all homicide and gangs and guns cases.

Since the late 1980s, the government has increased the hourly rate by 15 per cent, well below the rise in the cost of living.

Three reports for the provincial government in the past year have recommended the tariff be boosted.

Last November, the authors of one report – Patrick LeSage, former chief justice of Ontario’s Superior Court of Justice, and former law professor Michael Code, who was recently appointed a judge – said raising the tariff to levels that would bring seasoned lawyers back to legal aid work is a solution to runaway trials.

Between 1999 and 2007, there was a 15 per cent decline in the number of senior lawyers taking on these cases.

Yet during their research, LeSage and Code noted in their report, senior police officers, Crown lawyers and judges “forcefully submitted that it is much better to conduct a long complex trial with one of the leading members of the bar because they will generally focus on the real issues in the case, will consistently prepare in advance and will have no reason to unduly prolong the case.”

“While you pay more on an hourly basis, in the end, when you talk about the overall cost of delays to the system, including court costs and the cost of a judge, there is a cost saving,” Henein said.

Code and LeSage recommended that Ontario follow the model developed by the Legal Services Society in British Columbia, which pays $125 an hour for particularly complex cases known as “enhanced fee cases” — considerably higher than the top hourly rate of $92.29.

The B.C. legal aid plan also carefully screens lawyers who are eligible for the enhanced fees and a panel of three senior lawyers must determine if the case is of sufficient length and complexity to merit the higher rate.

Attorney General Chris Bentley has offered no substantial response to the boycott, only repeating previous assurances that he wants to move the legal aid system “to a better place.”

He told the Star earlier this month he was concerned the boycott might backfire, but declined to elaborate.

Henein said the time and cost savings that would result from raising the tariff would fit well with other efforts Bentley now has underway to improve the efficiency of the criminal justice system, which he has called his “Justice on Target” initiative.

http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/article/650650

High court says defendants have right to device’s code

By David Hanners
dhanners@pioneerpress.com

Updated: 05/01/2009 07:44:17 AM CDT

A woman suspected of driving drunk follows the instructions of State Trooper Adam Flynn and walks heel to heel after being pulled over for exceeding the speed limit on 35E about 1:30 a.m. Friday morning December 19. A field sobriety breathalyzer test administered a few minutes later revealed that she exceeded the legal limit of .08 percent alcohol concentration and she was subsequently arrested. Flynn has led all troopers with DWI arrests for the last four years. (Pioneer Press: Chris Polydoroff)

Minnesota may be forced to drop thousands of driving-while-impaired cases and change the way it prosecutes others in the wake of a state Supreme Court ruling Thursday, prosecutors and defense attorneys agreed.

The state’s highest court ruled that defendants in drunken-driving cases have the right to make prosecutors turn over the computer “source code” that runs the Intoxilyzer breath-testing device to determine whether the device’s results are reliable.

But there’s a problem: Prosecutors can’t turn over the code because they don’t have it.

The Kentucky company that makes the Intoxilyzer says the code is a trade secret and has refused to release it, thus complicating DWI prosecutions.

“There’s going to be significant difficulty to prosecutors across the state to getting convictions when we can’t utilize evidence to show the levels of the defendant’s intoxication,” said Dakota County Attorney James Backstrom.

“In the short term, it’s going to cause significant problems with holding offenders accountable because of this problem of not being able to obtain this source code.”

Law enforcement officers can still have a motorist’s blood-alcohol level determined through blood tests or urinalysis, but that option comes with a pricey, time-consuming caveat: Most of those tests are done only in the lab run by the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension in St. Paul.

“The BCA labs are overwhelmed now with their current workload, and I’m not sure they
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can handle doing blood and urinalysis tests in all DWI cases in Minnesota,” said Backstrom. “It’s going to be a big problem.”

“I think there’s going to be a lot more blood and urine tests asked for,” said Derek Patrin, an attorney involved in the cases decided by the Supreme Court. “And that will back up the BCA. They’re short-staffed already, and with the budget crisis we’ve got already, well, that’s one of the reasons they wanted to use the Intoxilyzer in the first place. It was inexpensive to use.”

Andy Skoogman, a spokesman for the Department of Public Safety, the BCA’s parent agency, said officials there felt it was “premature” to stop using the Intoxilyzer. But he said the lab would be able to handle the workload if police agencies switched to blood tests and urinalyses.

“The BCA will make adjustments,” he said. “We’ll look at retraining staff and perhaps look at purchasing more test kits until this situation is resolved.”

The Intoxilyzer 5000EN is the standard device used by Minnesota police to determine if a driver is impaired. The state bought 260 of the machines from the manufacturer, CMI of Kentucky, in 1997, and state law presumes the devices’ results to be reliable.

The device is used with nearly eight of every 10 suspected drunken drivers who are tested in Minnesota.

But defense attorneys have argued that if they can’t examine the source code, the computer program that runs the machine, they have no way to tell if the Intoxilyzer is reliable. District judges across Minnesota have handled defense requests for the source code with a patchwork of rulings: Some say a defendant has a right to examine it; others say it isn’t relevant.

The Supreme Court’s ruling came in two driving-while-impaired cases that Backstrom’s office prosecuted. In each, district judges ordered that the source code be turned over to the defendants, but when Backstrom appealed to the Minnesota Court of Appeals, the rulings were overturned.

The appeals court said the defendants hadn’t shown why getting the source code was relevant to their guilt or innocence.

But the Supreme Court said that at least one of those defendants showed that the code was relevant. The court noted in its 18-page ruling a list of evidence that defense attorneys may now use as a blueprint to request the source code.

Police had stopped the defendant, Timothy Arlen Brunner, 38, of Farmington, in July 2007 and the Intoxilyzer showed his blood-alcohol content was 0.18. Minnesota law presumes that a driver with a concentration greater than 0.08 is impaired.

Patrin, his attorney, asked a district judge to order prosecutors to turn over the source code. He accompanied his request with a memorandum and nine exhibits. Among them: a computer science professor’s testimony that defects had been found in the code used in voting machines, as well as a report saying problems had been found in the code used in the breath-testing machine used by police in New Jersey.

The Supreme Court said Brunner’s submissions “show that an analysis of the source code may reveal deficiencies that could challenge the reliability of the Intoxilyzer and, in turn, would relate to Brunner’s guilt or innocence.”

Skoogman, the Department of Public Safety spokesman, said the agency was disappointed in the ruling.

“We feel it is premature at this stage of the game for our law enforcement partners to test for only blood and urine,” Skoogman said. “We continue to stand by the Intoxilyzer and the accuracy of the test results. Our message to law enforcement is to stay the course at this point as we examine our options.”

The state’s access to the source code is the subject of a separate lawsuit in U.S. District Court. Hearings are scheduled in the case May 22 and June 4.

Backstrom said the source code issue would haunt prosecutors until it is resolved, and the Supreme Court decision makes things worse.

“I believe that this decision is a significant setback to law enforcement’s ability to protect our communities from drunk driving, at least in the short term,” he said. “We’re not going to be able to use the Intoxilyzer machine until we get the source code.”

David Hanners can be reached at 612-338-6516.

http://www.twincities.com/ci_12267906

TONDA MACCHARLES
IN OTTAWA
BETSY POWELL
Toronto Star

The Conservative government says it will legislate an end to the practice that allows judges to calculate a “two-for-one” sentencing credit for time that prisoners spend in pre-trial custody.

Weeks after British Columbia justice officials made an impassioned appeal to Ottawa for the measure, Justice Minister Rob Nicholson said he would introduce legislation tomorrow to further curb judges’ sentencing discretion.

Judges now can give credit for so-called “dead time” that offenders spend in detention centres prior to trial and sentencing. It’s seen as a way to account for time served in cramped cells
while a case wends its way through the courts.

Credit for time served can in some cases lead to criminals walking free upon sentencing: a convict who spends two years in custody pre-trial, for example, and is sentenced to four years in prison, could avoid returning to jail if given double credit for time already served.

Those calling for change say some defendants purposely build up their “dead time’’ so they receive shorter penitentiary sentences.

It is already the law in Ontario that if a prisoner delays a guilty plea to accumulate “dead time,” he will not be given such credit.

But an array of critics accused the government of political pandering.

Defence lawyer Heather Pringle said before introducing the law, the justice minister should spend time in pre-trial custody.

“A few days spent locked down for 18 hours at a time and no access to rehabilitative programs, coupled with nights spent sharing his cramped cell with two other guys, a shared toilet and some vermin, might give him a more informed understanding of this issue,’’ she said. “This legislation is simply political pandering, and its impact will be to unduly punish the poor who can’t afford a release on bail.”

Nicholson defended the move, saying the Conservatives want “more truth in sentencing.”
It’s unclear whether the government will remove judicial discretion altogether, or simply try to limit it.
Nicholson refused to provide details until the bill is tabled.

The announcement prompted a scathing rebuke from the Criminal Lawyers Association, which called the proposal a “step backward” that would “promote harsher sentences, produce fewer guilty pleas and give Parliament’s approval to inhumane detention facilities.”

The bill was endorsed “in principle” by the federal Liberals who said they are ready to expedite parliamentary approval. The BQ also supports it. But the NDP, which also backs the principle, warned there should be room for judicial discretion as a way to force governments to deal with prison conditions.

Pointing to dreadful conditions at Toronto’s Don Jail, Joe Comartin, NDP MP and public safety critic, said the bill is unlikely to “avoid a successful Charter challenge unless we retain a reasonable amount of discretion in the hands of our judges.”

Conditions at the Don Jail, particularly overcrowding, have led to the jail’s censure by Amnesty International and has on occasion led judges to give three-for-one credit.

http://www.thestar.com/News/Canada/article/608602

Be a part of history and celebrate the 100th Rotary convention, which will take place in Birmingham, the heart of England!

I f you haven’t been back to Birmingham since the 1984 convention, you may not recognize this former industrial town. Now a lively canal city known for its outstanding shopping and dining, Birmingham — or Brum, as the natives call it — underwent a dramatic facelift in the 1990s. The transformation resulted in a modern, more pedestrian-friendly city that retains traces of its medieval and Industrial Age roots.

On Saturday, former Ontario Premier William Davis is the keynote luncheon speaker. Dr Jean Clinton is the keynote speaker at the Governor’s Dinner. Entertainment is provided throughout the day by Red Spirit, The Ault Sisters and Men to Boys.

Download the convention booklet for more reasons to come to Birmingham in 2009. This 24-page booklet also contains registration, hotel reservation, and Host Organization Committee forms.

Register early and save

Register early for the convention to take advantage of special pricing!

First deadline: 15 December
Second deadline: 31 March

Register online . It’s convenient and secure. Your confirmation materials will be e-mailed to you.

Or download the registration form . For more information click here.

The Brampton Flower City Rotary Club is proud to present its 2nd Annual Golf Tournament. The event is set for Saturday, June 13 ,2009 at 10:30am at the Royal Ontario Golf Club. $250 for a single player and $1000 for a foursome. You can obtain further information from either:

Dalkeith Palmer at 905.866.5180 or email: dpalmer@prousedash.ca
Dhaman Kissoon at 416.234.4116 or email: dkissoon@bellnet.ca

The deadline to register is June 8, 2009. Part of the proceeds is going towards the Breast Cancer Society.

Download Form Here

From the Toronto Star:

Bob Mitchell
Staff Reporter

A Brampton Justice of the Peace has been exonerated of any misconduct, including being drunk on the job.

JP John Farnum, 65, is expected to soon return to his duties on the bench at a Brampton courthouse.

He was paid to stay home for the past year until allegations, some dating back five years, were investigated and heard by the Justices of the Peace Review Council. He has been a JP since 1988.

In finding no basis for misconduct, Madam Justice Mary Hogan said Farnun’s “pattern of behaviour put the public first” and that he appears to always try to not “inconvenience” the public “or keep them waiting” in the course of his duties in one of Canada’s most demanding courthouses.

Farnum made mistakes but they didn’t amount to the pattern of misconduct alleged by Crown counsel Gavin Mackenzie, she said in her recently-released written decision.

“Everyone can make mistakes in these circumstances,” she said. “JP Farnum testified that he learned from his mistakes.”

Five allegations of misconduct were levied against him, including that he was intoxicated at work on Feb. 14, 2006 and that he had abdoned his duties.

A fellow JP testified she thought he was drunk but three other JPs denied ever telling her they agreed with her or smelled alcohol on him.

She testified she smelled alcohol on him when he passed her in the hall as well as in an office he was using.

The inquiry heard that another JP sent Farnum home because he was ill, not because he was drunk.

Farnum denied he was intoxicated when he testified at the inquiry. He felt ill and didn’t hear himself being paged to a courtroom. Nobody phoned his office.

He was also accused of using a van of a paralegal while on duty on Aug. 13, 2003. He admitted driving it and parking it in the secured indoor parking area not for the public.

He testified he was called to attend court that day after being at another court but his car was in the shop. Not wishing to be late, he accepted the paralegal’s offer to use his vehicle.

Hogan found he also simply made a mistake when he convicted a man of a traffic offence on Jan. 15, 2004 but registered a conviction for a lesser offence and a smaller fine.

He was accused of hearing a matter involving two friends in his office on May 18, 2004 when he wasn’t scheduled to be the intake justice before the cases went to trial the same day. He was found not guilty of showing favouritism.

He was also found to have made an error in judgement in re-opening a criminal matter on Aug. 16, 2004 without having documents or recording the matter.

Farnum could have been suspended with or without pay or fired had he been found guilty .

http://www.thestar.com/article/588783

From the Economist:

Sir John Mortimer, barrister and freedom-fighter, died on January 16th, aged 85

EVERY true-born Englishman knows that the law is an ass. Rules are better honoured in the breach than the observance. Judges are best represented in a chorus line at the D’Oyly Carte. The English constitution is a vague formulation in someone’s head, and that foundation of English liberties, Magna Carta, is best known for banning eel-traps in the Thames. The firm clip of the law is for the other fellow. Behind the furled umbrellas and decorum, Englishmen are anarchists. Or, as John Mortimer liked to think of them, votaries of “my darling” Prince Kropotkin.

Mr Mortimer’s great service to his country was to sum up in one person both the weight of the law and a sharp, rollicking scepticism of it. He was an eminent lawyer, entering chambers in 1948 and becoming, in time, a Queen’s Counsel and a master of the bar. Few excelled him in cross-examination (the art of which, he liked to say, was “not to examine crossly”). Yet the law was only his day job, giving him the money and the material to write novels. At the bar he dressed scruffily, lest anyone take him for a conventional lawyer. He made fun of the “old sweethearts” on the bench, who would pass a death sentence and then go out for buttered muffins. And as for the law itself, “the great stone column of authority which has been dragged by an adulterous, careless, negligent and half-criminal humanity down the ages”,

Those words were not exactly his, but those of Horace Rumpole (seen above right, played by Leo McKern), whose adventures at the criminal bar Mr Mortimer tirelessly depicted in books and TV plays from 1975 onwards. He denied that Rumpole was entirely himself. There was much of his barrister-father in him, especially in his habit of quoting poetry to ward off unwelcome conversation, as well as borrowings from colourful colleagues. Rumpole was a cheroots-and-cheap-claret man (“Pommeroy’s claret keeps me astonishingly regular”), where Mr Mortimer favoured cigars and, at the dawn of the writing day, champagne. He often lost his cases, where Mr Mortimer was notably successful. Home for Rumpole was a mansion flat off Gloucester Road, where he lived in a state of miserable, snappish fidelity to Hilda, “She Who Must be Obeyed”. Mr Mortimer graced the well-heeled, pretty Chilterns near Henley-on-Thames, where children, stepchildren, a love-child, two wives called Penelope and the “Mortimer-ettes”, a claque of intelligent, charmed women, paid court to him and he to them.

A golden thread

Where Rumpole and Mr Mortimer fused together was in their sense of how lawyers should behave. Both were freedom-fighters. They refused to prosecute: their role was to defend the individual against the weight and follies of the law. Rumpole, grubbing round the Old Bailey cells with their “perpetual smell of cooking”, refused to let his clients plead guilty while the smallest doubt remained. He liked to quote Lord Sankey’s words on the presumption of innocence, the “single golden thread” that ran through English law.

Mr Mortimer, also tracing that thread, took on the most celebrated free-speech cases of the 1970s, and won them all. Largely thanks to him, the lord chamberlain’s censoring hand was lifted from the theatre. Thanks to him, Englishmen could read “Lady Chatterley’s Lover” and “Inside Linda Lovelace”, could see Rupert Bear with an erection in Oz magazine, and could endure a Roman soldier’s tryst with the body of Jesus in Gay News. Mr Mortimer hated pornography. But “Liberty is allowing people to do things you disapprove of.”

He took that conviction into politics, too. It led him to support foxhunting and to resume smoking in old age, just to defy the ban. He played the devil’s advocate on behalf of freedom everywhere, from the Oxford Union to the dinner table. Bishops were a favourite target, rapiered for the “absurdity” of life and the worse absurdity of heaven, which had to resemble “the lounge of a Trusthouse Forte hotel”. People, he thought, should be regularly shocked. Offence “makes society move”.

All this, he admitted, came close to anarchism. Yet at its base was something different. He took up the law, which made all else possible, out of obedience to his father. Clifford Mortimer was blinded when John was 13, yet continued his law practice and his life as though nothing had happened. For his son—as he explained in his play, “A Voyage Round My Father”, in 1971—a career at the bar was an extension of all the other duties he assumed for his demanding, unseeing parent, from tying up the dahlias and trapping earwigs to handing him his boiled egg, or his coat.

The freedom-fighter defied most laws but not this one, family love.

http://www.economist.com/obituary/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13012615

The police have just called and want you to come to the police station, what am I to do?

Never ever speak to the police or go to the station without first speaking to counsel. Most likely they will attempt to get a statement from you and then arrest and charge you. Aswani K. Datt can attend the police station and find out why they are contacting you. station with you and get the real reasons from the

Don’t be trapped.

The Courts allow the police to lie and use tricks against you. The court has said that:

“The jurisprudence relating to the right to silence has never extended protection against police tricks to the pre-detention period. Nor does the Charter extend the right to counsel to pre-detention investigations. The two circumstances are quite different. In an undercover operation prior to detention, the individual from whom information is sought is not in the control of the state. There is no need to protect him from the greater power of the state. After detention, the situation is quite different; the state takes control and assumes the responsibility of ensuring that the detainee’s rights are respected.” R. v. Singh, [2007] S.C.J. No. 48.

“There first must be a clear connection between the obtaining of the statement and the conduct (police trick); furthermore that conduct must be so shocking as to justify the judicial branch of the criminal justice system in feeling that, short of disassociating itself from such conduct through rejection of the statement, its reputation and, as a result, that of the whole criminal justice system, would be brought into disrepute. The authorities, in dealing with shrewd and often sophisticated criminals, must sometimes for necessity resort to tricks or other means of deceit and should not through the rule be hampered in their work. What should be repressed vigorously is conduct on their part that shocks the community.” R. v. Rothman, [1981] S.C.J. No. 55

Don’t be unprepared and caught off guard.

The right to silence is protected under the Charter. The accused may not be compelled as a witness against himself in criminal proceedings, and therefore only voluntary statements made to police are admissible as evidence.

Prior to an accused being informed of their right to legal counsel, any statements they make to police are considered involuntarily compelled and are inadmissible as evidence. After being informed of the right to counsel, the accused may choose to voluntarily answer questions and those statements would be admissible.

As far as pre-trial silence is concerned, a person who is subject to the coercive power of the state has a right to refuse to answer questions; this happens on the person’s arrest, charge or detention. This right to silence has been recognised as a principle of fundamental justice, protected by s 7 of the Charter: see R v Hebert [1990] 2 SCR 151. It is also accepted that the exercise of the right to silence can not be used against the accused at trial: see R v Chambers [1990] 2 SCR 1293.

Although an accused has the right to remain silent and may not be compelled to testify against himself, where an accused freely chooses to take the witness stand and testify, there is no further right to silence and no general restriction on what kinds of questions they may be required to answer.

This may be contrasted with the US right to refuse to answer incriminating questions under the 5th Amendment even while on the witness stand. However section 13 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees that a witness may not have any incriminating evidence they gave as testimony used against them in separate proceedings. In effect, a person can be compelled to give involuntary self-incriminating evidence but only where that evidence is to be used against a third party.

In most cases, except for certain sex offences or where the victims are children, spouses can not be compelled to testify against each other.  This right does not include lying to persons in authority but the right to refuse to answer any and all questions.

The Presumption of Innocence

The presumption of innocence — being innocent until proven guilty — is a legal right that the accused has in Canada. It states that no person shall be considered guilty until finally convicted by a court. The burden of proof, beyond a reasonable doubt, is thus on the prosecution, which has to collect and present enough proving evidence to convince the judge and jury, who are restrained and ordered by law to consider only actual evidence and testimony that is legally admissable, and in most cases lawfully obtained, that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In case of remaining doubts, the accused is to be found not guilty ; this idea expressed by the Latin legal maxim “In dubio pro reo“.

This duty on the prosecution was famously referred to as the ‘golden thread’ in the criminal law by Lord Sankey LC in Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462:

Throughout the web of the English criminal law one golden thread is always to be seen – that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner’s guilt subject to what I have already said as to the defence of insanity and subject also to any statutory exception…

In principle, the defense does not have to ‘prove’ anything. The defense may present evidence tending to show that there is a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused.

In Canada, section 11(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms states: “Any person charged with an offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal”.

In criminal law, Blackstone’s formulation (also known as Blackstone’s ratio or the Blackstone ratio) is the principle: “better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer“, expressed by the English jurist William Blackstone in his Commentaries on the Laws of England, published in the 1760s.

Getting the bail hearing right is crucial.  You don’t want your friend or loved one to remain in jail for months on end until his trial.  Often people are not released because there was a lack of preparation for the bail hearing.  There are strict requirements which must be met before the Court will allow an accused person to be released.

The Crown hopes to deny bail to most individuals to pressure them to plead guilty.

The Court can generally only detain a person on the following grounds:

However, there are exceptions for certain offences.  Aswani K. Datt can assist you in determining what approach to take to have a successful bail hearing to have your loved one released.

The Bail Hearing is the most important step in your defense as it has serious practical implications.

Becoming a Surety

There may be a time in which you are asked to become a surety for a friend or family member in order for that person to attain bail. There are a number of things to remember before deciding to undertake this role.

The duties of a surety are serious. A surety vouches for the character of the accused by guaranteeing the accused will attend court as required and abide by the conditions of the release order.

This is done by requiring the surety to put up a sum of money or other valuable real or personal property in support of that person. The effect of granting bail is not that the accused is set free, but is to release the accused from the custody of the law and entrust him/her to the custody of the surety.

There can be serious consequences to becoming a surety. If the accused does not abide by the release conditions of bail, both the accused and the surety can suffer financial consequences.

If the accused fails to attend court or breaches any of the release conditions, the Crown can ask that the accused be noted for estreat under the Criminal Code. The effect of this is that you can be liable for the amount of the bail you had previously posted.

Since the consequences and duties are serious, a surety may decide at any time to cease being a surety. This can be done by taking the accused to the proper authorities or by going before a Justice of the Peace and filing an Application by Surety for Relief to be removed of their responsibility. Both will render the accused back into custody and relieve the surety of any further legal obligations.

In the end, you should understand the serious duties and responsibilities of being a surety. Never undertake such a role unless you reasonable believe that you can ensure that the accused will comply with all of the release conditions. If you believe that the accused will not abide by all of your directions and requests, it would be unreasonable for you to become a surety for that person.

Offences in this category include allegations of physical violence, sexual assault, threats, criminal harassment, and other such allegations against a family member. Domestic assault charges are typically laid against men.

Assault is any intentional application of force or gesture to another person. This can range from a spit or shove to a full blown fight. The slightest amount contact can result in assault.

The police will require that the complainant give them a video statement under oath immediately following the event. They do this to also preserve the evidence of the complainant on a video to use late at trial should the complainant change his/her story.

The complainant is under no obligation to give such a statement and may wish to obtain legal advice before giving a statement through duty counsel or another lawyer. A complainant should not be afraid to ask to call a lawyer before giving any statement to the police.

Often a spouse will call the police or 911 with the aim to scare the other spouse into changing their behavior. Little do they know is that the police will charge the other spouse and the bail conditions will require that spouse to find another place to live and eliminate any direct or indirect contact with the spouse and the children.

This has serious consequences for the family as a whole. Charges cannot be withdrawn by a spouse nor will filing documents (such as an affidavit) with the police help. Once charges are laid, only the Prosecutor has the power to withdrawn charges. As a matter of their policy, the Prosecutor will rarely withdrawn this charge.

There are also those times where the criminal justice system is abused by those who call the police to remove the spouse from the home in order to obtain an advantange in a family court proceeding. Unfortunately, this is done more often than not.

Care must be taken when defending charges of assault.  There can be serious implications in terms of your right to your children under the Family Law Act or the Divorce Act.

Aswani K. Datt practices both criminal and family law and can provide you a coherent strategy to ensure that your interets in both cases are being met.

Discussion

There are competing and overlapping systems in place with respect to the post sentencing of offenders. On the one hand, the National Parole Board is the “human side”, examining rehabilitation and reformation.

On the other hand, Parliament has created a cold, calculating and utilitarian system of statutory release for most offenders. They are automatically released on conditions after serving two third of their sentence.

Canada is not alone in having this type of contradictory approach. Between June 29 and July 5, 2007, Government of the United Kingdom had to release 1,700 inmates because of over crowding in the jail system.[1] Of these individuals, 344 were convicted of violent attacks, 24 robberies and 149 burglaries.[2]

What is clear is that governments are trying to sell a system that makes the public feel secure but at the same time refusing to spend the monies necessary to back up their words. A parallel and often contradictory system is in place to save the government money.

The public deserves better. What is needed is a single system based on a coherent philosophy, what ever that system is.

It is the position of the author that the system that should remain is that of parole, as it is functioning under the National Parole Board. There is no place in Canada for a system of automatic statutory release.

The criminal justice system is built upon deliberation. Judges must give reasons for their decisions. Appeal courts do the same. Sentencing is considered so important that Part XXIII of the Criminal Code[3] mandates that a sentencing court take into account certain sentencing principles, failure to do so would be an error of law.

Another example of deliberation is parole ineligibility. A sentencing judge has limited authority to adjust the period of ineligibility for an offence for life imprisonment pursuant to s. 743.6 of the Criminal Code. However, the Supreme Court of Canada has indicated that delayed parole is an option out of the ordinary and that the sentencing judge must engage in a double weighting exercise.[4] Written reasons are to be given at the end of the process and said reasons must state with sufficient clarity the reasons for the delayed parole order.[5]

The bottom line is that again, these are examples of decisions based on reasoned deliberations: risk factors and needs areas, institutional behavior, and concrete results from an offender’s attendance at programs and through treatment, circumstances surrounding previous breaches of release and release plans and community management strategies to be used during supervision.[6]

Since November 1, 1992, the Corrections and Conditional Release Act started to require the National Parole Board to maintain a registry of its decisions along with the reasons for those decisions. Anyone may request, in writing, a copy of these decisions.

In the last five years along, the National Parole Board has made over 21,000 written decisions on parole applications.[7]

There is also the human factor at play here. When a sentencing judge is deliberating upon a sentence one cannot but suspect that a factor in sentencing is the statutory release of an offender. Does a sentencing judge give an offender a higher sentence than he would normally because of statutory release?

Is this so unbelievable? Without statutory release, would it lead to lower sentences for most offenders? Statutory release may be acting as an inflationary factor in terms of sentence. While most judges are clever enough to watch their language, there have been judges who has given reasons in the sentencing an offender to a longer sentence because of his eligibility for automatic statutory release and of course reversed on appeal.[8]

In their five year review of statutory release, Corrections Canada make an important admission that in the position of the author, underlies the key rational for statutory release:

Statutory Release and Offender Population Management

Prison crowding and management of the offender population are key issues for CSC. Relatively high rates of incarceration in Canada, combined with pressures for fiscal restraint create complex challenges. In this context, SR, that is, the release of all offenders at the two-thirds point in their sentence (except those who are detained) becomes an important measure for reducing the number of offenders in federal institutions while ensuring controlled reintegration of offenders.[9]

According to the Sub-committee on Corrections and Conditional Release Act of the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights in May 2000, the committee recommended a change to automatic statutory release. In their report, the committee recommended that:

RECOMMENDATION 11

The Sub-committee recommends that the Corrections and Conditional Release Act be amended to require Correctional Service Canada to review all cases eligible for statutory release in order to determine whether they should be referred to the National Parole Board for a detention review.

RECOMMENDATION 12

The Sub-committee recommends also that the Corrections and Conditional Release Act be amended to require the National Parole Board to review all cases eligible for statutory release in order to determine whether special conditions need to be attached to the inmate’s release and, if so, to identify these conditions.[10]

The Committee also recommended that the statutory release provisions must be reviewed in depth during the next review of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act.[11]

Clearly, members of Parliament are moving away from an automatic statutory release mechanism. There is a move towards finding deliberative principles that need to be considered prior to a release before an offender’s sentence has been completed. As we have seen earlier, this approach is consistent within the criminal justice system.

The courts have even started to protect the right of an offender who is denied statutory release without due process. In Illes v. Kent Institution, the British Columbia Supreme Court had ruled that revoking an offender’s statutory release without a hearing was unconstitutional. Further, the court indicated that:

[M]y view, the revocation of the petitioner’s statutory release without his being given the opportunity to be heard specifically on whether the circumstances warranted the deprivation of his liberty for at least a year clearly offended his s. 7 Charter rights. It is no answer to say that he had a hearing when he was sentenced by the Provincial Court.

…

No clear explanation is attempted of why some offenders would, in the absence of s. 135(9.1), serve only a minimal part of a long sentence, or why the remedy for that and the need to denounce re-offending during statutory release lies only in depriving all offenders of a hearing. While I accept that the objective of the section is one of public protection, I do not see how the means of achieving it that have been employed can be said to be proportionate. I question whether, in revoking the petitioner’s statutory release without a hearing, any one part of the three-part test of proportionality can be said to be met but, it appears to me clear that, at very least, it cannot be said that his right not to be deprived of his liberty has been affected as little as possible.

I can see no sound reason why, in order to protect the public, all offenders who have been sentenced to some term of imprisonment for offences committed during statutory release must be deprived of a hearing to determine whether they should be imprisoned for what can be at least a year regardless of their circumstances. And I certainly do not see why only those who are sentenced to a term of imprisonment, as opposed to those having some other form of sentence imposed, should not be heard in the same way that all other offenders who breach the conditions of statutory release are heard before their release is revoked. [12]

Deliberation, due process and reasons are turning statutory release into a more reasoned process.

If that is the case, why should automatic statutory release still exist? Its existence can only be rationally defended by crude economics and nothing else. The public deserves more.

In England, the courts have reminded correctional authorities and the public that the courts will always have something to say about statutory release:

When considering this question we think it is important to bear in mind that the statutory provisions governing the early release of prisoners are concerned with the administration of criminal justice in general; it is the order of the court which provides authority for the detention and imprisonment of the person named in it, not the statutory provisions as such, although they are engaged once such an order has been made and dictate the manner in which the order is carried into effect.[13]

Conclusions

The post-sentencing regime in Canada is convoluted. There is parole on one hand which engages in a deliberative scheme judging applicants on their merits within a certain framework.

On the other hand, there is automatic statutory release. Parliament created a scheme were by most offenders are automatically released after serving two thirds of their sentence.

As we have seen there is an institutional battle at play. Those that are entrusted in regulating the prison population trumpet the success of statutory release. Those that are opposed, argue, through their numbers, the failure of statutory release.

As a crass form of prison population, statutory release serves its purpose. However, this approach is inconsistent with how we view the criminal justice system works as a whole. Furthermore, the statistics indicated that those being statutorily released are committing serious crimes and are not benefiting from proper supervision.

The time has come for statutory release to be eliminated as a post sentencing option. Offenders ought to serve the sentencing handed to them by the sentencing judge. If an offender is to be released prior to the completion of his sentence, let it at least be through a deliberative process that is held accountable to the public.

On August 10, 2008 the Flower City Rotary Club held its second annual Tandoori Jerk Festival and first annual walk a thon. Proceeds go toward our dictionary give away program for students in the community. Both events were a success and should the uniqueness of the Brampton community by bring together the Indian and West Indian members through good food and music.

Toronto artist seeks explanation for police raid
Last Updated: Monday, July 14, 2008 | 8:24 AM ET
CBC News

A musician is asking for an explanation after the Toronto police guns
and gangs task force raided his home.

Kevin Clarke, who is known as Kamikaze, lives and works at his home
near Oakwood Avenue and Vaughan Road.

Five weeks ago police broke down the door to the house.

“The door got kicked off, ‘Boom! Metro police! Everybody get down!
Boom, boom!’ And then I heard two bombs, and then after everything, I
realized one was a flash bomb and one was a smoke bomb,” said Clarke.

“SWAT you know, all black bulletproof vests, boots, masks, helmets some
big-ass guns or whatever. They ran in,” he said.

But more than a month after the raid Clarke still doesn’t know what the
the officers were looking for.

“It was a massive operation, over 50 police involved, ambulances,
buses, police buses, all kinds of stuff were out there. The street was
quarantined. The whole area was blocked off and it was a really big
operation for nothing,” he told CBC News.

Lawyer Bob Ebrahimzadeh says police were wrong to target Clarke.

“He’s a legitimate businessman with a group of friends who are in the
rap industry. Perhaps that makes the police uncomfortable. We’re not
certain but we’re trying to find the answers before we proceed further,”
the lawyer said.

“He’s been a community leader and has looked to build up the community
and the youth of his community with a positive image of what can be
accomplished. So he’s rather puzzled as to why the police are treating
him in this fashion,” said Ebrahimzadeh.

Toronto police will only say they had reasonable grounds to conduct the
search and that a judge who granted the warrant agreed.

The information used to obtain it is sealed.

The raid echoes another one carried out a few weeks earlier in
Scarborough.

Heavily armed officers searched the home of Brian Henry, a prominent
black youth worker, but only found a small amount of marijuana.

http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2008/07/14/police-raid.html

The Brampton Flower City Rotary Club held its 2nd Annual Presidential Award night at the Prestigious Holiday Inn Select on Queen Street on June 28, 2008. The night was hosted by Rotarian and lawyer Aswani K. Datt. The night featured the recognition of community contribution to Brampton on a group and individual level.

On a group level, the Brampton Flower City Rotary Club has over the past year donated 200 free dictionaries to students, raised money for the Cancer Society, held successful blood drives and held its first annual golf tournament.

On an individual level, Dr. Ruby Dhalla MP for Brampton Springdale was honored with an award for her continuous contribution to the Brampton community.

The Presidential Gala witnessed the change over from outgoing President Krish Ramjatten to the new President Harry Bisnauth.

Toronto Criminal Lawyer

(Left to Right: Dhaman Kissoon, Dr. Ruby Dhalla, Harry Bisnauth, Aswani K. Datt)

Toronto Police Fail to Reveal Warrant or Disclose Reasons for Raid

on Home of Respected Malvern Youth Leader Brian Henry

Toronto, Ontario, June 3, 2008 – Brian Henry is a well-respected member of the Toronto community who works with some of the most “at-risk” young persons in the GTA.

The 2006 movie Empz for Life directed by legendary Canadian film maker Allan King, documented the tireless work of Brian Henry in helping troubled youth overcome daily challenges in their lives. Empz for Life documents Brian Henry as a young volunteer social worker who – on a daily basis – completes the impossible: Henry makes it his job not only to try and reach kids, but to get them to think about the future they’ve already more or less given up on.

Well-reformed from his own troubled past, Henry understands the challenges “high risk” youth face in the GTA. Indeed community youth respect Henry because he has been where they are today. Henry’s own scars of street life and tattoos of years past are only reminders of a life that Henry left 8 years ago to help youth today not follow the same path Henry followed as a youth.

On Saturday May 17, 2008, more than a dozen heavily armed police officers from 41 Division raided the Henry family home while he and his family were asleep on a “tip” from an “unknown informant” that illegal guns were in the home. The police never showed Henry or his wife a copy of the search warrant despite repeated requests. Armed with automatic weapons, shields, riot gear and a canine unit, police broke through the front door of the Henry family home just after midnight. Henry’s wife who had given birth to the couple’s fifth child only three weeks prior was forcefully pinned face down on the floor and handcuffed by police in front of her toddler children who looked on in horror. Clothes were strewn about the family bedrooms and holes were made in walls of the home as officers outside the house  did chin-ups on a tree in front of the yard during the raid. Police dogs from the canine unit urinated in the home where Henry and his wife raise their five young children.

The results of the raid were that no guns were found.

Henry, who also works with the Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB) in an alternative school program for youth who face acute challenges in the school system, is well-known for helping young people get out of a life of crime and making positive changes in their lives. Yet because the actions of officers from 41 Division, Henry has been suspended by the TCDSB despite all of his successes in helping youth from some of the most troubled communities in the GTA.

The behaviour of the police officers at 41 Division amounts to a gross violation of the rights of Brian Henry and his family and ought to concern all residents of Toronto.  The actions of Toronto Police fell far below the standard of care expected of them and those involved must be held accountable for their actions. The oppressive actions of the police will not deter Brian Henry from continuing to do his duty in making Toronto communities better and safer for all members of our society. Faced daily with kids who drift back into the streets, official institutions that suspect his motives, and the police who prowl the neighbourhood streets constantly harassing youth, Henry is doing exactly what he’s attempting to convince “at-risk youth”: Fighting against all odds to succeed.

*****************************************************************************

If you would like more information on this issue, or to schedule an interview with Brian Henry, please contact his legal counsel Aswani K. Datt at 905-755-0104.

Patrick J. Santos, 21yrs, was found bound and murdered by his father in the backyard of their home near Bellany Rd N and Ellesmere Rd, Toronto, Ontario Canada on Sunday September 17th 2006 7:30 a.m.

Patrick had been in the Entertainment District in downtown Toronto the night before with his vehicle, a 1994 Lexus 4D, cream colour, Ontario license plate # AXDM080. Patrick had frequented the nightclub known as “Steam” on Adelaide Street West, near University Ave and the “Afterlife” Night Club on the night before his body was found.

Investigators know that at 4:45 a.m., Patrick was alive and in the area of his residence.

Investigators are making a plea to the public for any information that anyone may have relating to the vehicle noted, or persons associated to this vehicle on the night of the murder.

Anyone with information on who killed Patrick J. Santos is asked to contact the Toronto Police Homicide Squad Detective Dean Burks at 416-808-7400.

If you wish to remain anonymous you can call Crime Stoppers at 416-222-8477 (TIPS) or online at www.222TIPS.com. The anonymity of a Crime Stoppers tip is guaranteed by the Supreme Court of Canada. You never are compelled to be a witness if you call or e-mail Crime Stoppers. GIVE US YOUR TIP, NOT YOUR NAME.

Prior the current statutory release framework, offenders were given “remission credits” pursuant to the Prisons and Reformatories Act.[1] The relevant section stated that:

6. (1) Every prisoner serving a sentence, other than a sentence on conviction for criminal or civil contempt of court where the sentence includes a requirement that the prisoner return to that court, shall be credited with fifteen days of remission of the sentence in respect of each month and with a number of days calculated on a pro rata basis in respect of each incomplete month during which the prisoner has earned that remission by obeying prison rules and conditions governing temporary absence and by actively participating in programs, other than full parole, designed to promote prisoners’ rehabilitation and reintegration as determined in accordance with any regulations made by the lieutenant governor of the province in which the prisoner is imprisoned.

Computing remission credits

(2) The first credit of earned remission pursuant to subsection (1) shall be made not later than the end of the month next following the month the prisoner is received into a prison and thereafter a credit of earned remission shall be made at intervals of not more than three months.[2]

In spite of being sentencing by the sentencing judge and in spite of the existence of the National Parole Board of Canada, Parliament has created automatic statutory release provisions for most offences pursuant to the Corrections and Conditional Release Act.

For most offenders who are sentenced after November 1, 1992, that person is to be released with supervision after the completion of two thirds of the imposed sentence.[3]

Corrections Canada describes statutory release as follows:

Statutory Release requires federally sentenced offenders to serve the final third of their sentence in the community, under supervision and under conditions of release similar to those imposed on offenders released on full parole. Offenders serving life or indeterminate sentences are not eligible.

Offenders on statutory release are inmates who either did not apply for release on parole, or who were denied release on full parole. Statutory release can be denied, if a detention hearing determines that the offender will likely commit an offence causing harm or death, a sexual offence involving a child or a serious drug offence.[4]

A very cold and calculating description of releasing offenders. It is not as cuddly and comforting as the values of the National Parole Board.

In 2006, 2042 offenders were statutory released, a number that represents 9.4% of the federal prison population.[5] Surprisingly, this number has been consistent since 1996. [6]

In terms of successful completion, the statistics seem to support that the majority of statutory released offenders are compliant

[7]

It is unclear is the public would be eager to claim success at a 60% rate of completion. Further, when one looks closely at the numbers, the public ought not to derive much confidence. [8]

When 30% of offenders breach their release conditions, how can the public be confident in such a system? When an average of 3% of released offenders commit violent offences, how can the public have confidence in a system that automatically releases individuals before their sentence is completed?

Furthermore, the numbers are in contradiction to statistics held by the National Parole Board. They have indicated that between 1994/95 and 2002/03, offenders on statutory release accounted for 63% of all violent offences committed by offenders on conditional release, while offenders on day parole accounted for 18% and offenders on full parole accounted for 19%.[9]

The National Parole Board has gone even further to conclude, that those on statutory release are “far more likely to be convicted for violent offences while on statutory release than on day or full parole”.[10] Clearly, this is one board trying to distance themselves as far away as possible from this form of release.

There is a dichotomy between the National Parole Board (who seem to dislike statutory release) and Corrections Canada (who are required to regulate the prison population).

The philosophies of these two approaches are also reflected with how offenders are supervised after release. Between 1994/95 and 2002/03, while on parole, the average supervision for full parole was 25.6 months.

However, those released on statutory release are left to the wind to fend for themselves at a rate of 6.7 months of supervision.[11] Offenders released on statutory release were far more likely to have had their releases revoked because of a breach of condition than federal offenders on day parole or full parole during each of the last five years.[12]

Clearly, those being statutorily released are not receiving adequate support and supervision in comparison with those on parole.

[1] Prisons and Reformatories Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. P-20.
[2] Ibid.
[3] supra note 8 at s. 127(3).
[4] http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/faits/fac03-04_e.shtml
[5] Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview, 2006 at pg 38.
[6] Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview, 2006 at pg 81.
[7] Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview, 2006 at pg 105.
[8] Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview, 2006 at pg 106.
[9] Performance Monitoring Report (National Parole Board, 2004) at pg 6.
[10] Ibid at pg 13.
[11] Supra note 22 at pg 12.
[12] Supra note 22, at pg 15.

The post sentencing regime in Canada is in dire need of reform. The last significant attempt at reform came through the Report of the Canadian Sentencing Commission of 1987.[1] This is simple neglect. While successive governments have trumpeted tougher laws and penalties on crime, post sentencing has been ignored. After an examination in this area, the conclusion to be drawn is that the system is convoluted. The system on the one hand sells itself in terms of rehabilitation and the protection of the public, but on the other hand is heavily influenced by economics and utilitarianism.

Juxtaposed, the post sentencing regimes of parole and statutory release are contradictory in their rationale, contradictory in their execution and ultimately, contradictory in their alleged service to the public good and the administration of justice. When one examines how these two post sentencing regimes operate in relation to one another, what are exposed are contradictory approaches and consequences.

A choice has to be made as to how we are to deal with offenders in the post sentence stage of the criminal justice system. Are we going to have a national parole board to make deliberative decisions on release or a system where offenders are released automatically after a fixed portion of their sentence is completed? To have both is not how post sentencing ought to function and does not facilitate the administration of justice nor serve the public good. It is the position of the author than when looks at the system as a whole, the public and the criminal justice system is best served with the elimination of automatic statutory release.

Parole In Canada

Parole has existed in some form or another since 1868 when prisoners were granted early release through earning credits for good behavior in prison by virtue of the Penitentiary Act.[2]

On August 11, 1899, An Act to Provide for the Conditional Liberation of Convicts- the Ticket of Leave Act[3] was enacted by the Canadian Parliament. The said act stated that:

It shall be lawful for the Governor General by an order in writing under the hand and seal of the Secretary of State to grant to any convict under sentence of imprisonment in a penitentiary a license to be at large in Canada, or in such part thereof as in such license shall be mentioned, during such portion of his term of imprisonment, and upon such conditions in all respects as to the Governor General may seem fit; and the Governor General may from time to time revoke or alter such license by a like order in writing.[4]

The Ticket of Leave Act was based almost word for word on the British legislation. There was no reference in the text to the purpose of conditional release, though ticket of leave was generally understood to be a form of pardon.

The formalization of parole procedures occurred with the Fauteax Commission in 1956.[5] One of the main recommendations by the Fauteax Commission was to create a system which offered release to all inmates in pursuit of reformation and rehabilitation.[6] As we shall see, this rationale is still the main focus of parole today.

Subsequently, the Parole Act[7] was passed in 1959, and the National Parole Board was created. It had the power and authority to make decisions about inmates’ entitlement to release on a case-by-case basis, giving each individual inmate his or her due.

The National Parole Board exists within the Ministry of Public Safety Canada which also includes the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, the Canada Border Services Agency and the Correctional Service of Canada.

The National Parole Board is an administrative tribunal that has exclusive authority under the Corrections and Conditional Release Act[8] to grant, deny, cancel, terminate or revoke day parole and full parole. The National Parole Board may also order certain offenders to be held in prison until the end of their sentence. This is called detention during the period of statutory release.

Currently, the National Parole Board has the authority for all federal and provincial prisoners, except for the provinces of Ontario, British Columbia and Quebec (provinces that have their own provincial parole board).

Engrained in the corporate philosophy behind parole is the philosophy of rehabilitation of an offender, a human belief that those who offend can become productive members of society.

In 1970, the Government of Canada printed a pamphlet for the purposes of educating the public on parole. In this pamphlet, the purpose of parole was stated as such:

The dual purpose of parole is the reformation and rehabilitation of the inmate, and the protection of society.

Offenders who have made good use of their time in custody and who have shown a desire to lead a law abiding life in the future are given the opportunity of living in their community, under supervision.

This supervision and counseling assists them in becoming useful, law-abiding citizens while at the same time ensuring they do not misbehave or return to crime.[9]

The above aforementioned rationale is still reflected in the current National Parole Board who has formulated a number of core values. The values amount empty rhetoric but are clearly aimed at justifying their existence based on the above aforementioned rationale:

1. We contribute to the attainment of a just, peaceful and safe society.

2. We respect the inherent potential and dignity of all individuals and the equal rights of all members of society.

3. We believe that the contribution of qualified and motivated individuals is essential to promoting the achievement of the Parole Board’s Mission.

4. We are committed to openness, integrity and accountability in the execution of our mandate.[10]

Quite frankly, core values like this is nice to hear but the words lack any real meaning. The National Parole Board exists to make decisions on parole applications. The parole system is based on an application by the offender. Of course not all offenders will apply for a pardon.

The National Parole Board has indicated that it conducts about 22,000–24,000 reviews yearly; of these applications,1,200 to 1,500 are provincial cases and
20,000 to 22,000 are federal cases.[11] In 2006, 4,100 day parole applications were granted while full parole applications granted were 3,300.[12]

The National Parole Board goes out of their way to try and convince the public that parole and statutory release are not the same. They go so far as to call it a “myth”. In their own words:

Myth

Statutory release is the same as parole.

Reality

Statutory release is not the same as parole.

Both statutory release and parole are forms of conditional release that require offenders to conform to conditions of release and CSC supervision. Statutory release, however, is a legal provision that automatically entitles most offenders, who have not been granted parole, to serve the final one-third of their sentence in the community. Offenders serving life and indeterminate sentences are not entitled to statutory release.

Parole, on the other hand, is subject to a discretionary decision by NPB, after a rigorous process of risk and needs assessment with the protection of society as the prime consideration.

In both cases, however, NPB has the power to set special conditions and failure to abide by these conditions could mean the offender is returned to prison.[13]

However, they fail to mention that it is the National Parole Board’s responsibility to administer statutory releases and to determine in those cases where it ought to be denied or where certain release conditions ought to be made.

“Automatic” in relation to statutory release, “rigorous process of risk and needs” and “prime consideration” for parole, this type of language is interesting.

It is although the National Parole Board is distancing them from statutory release by telling the public it is not their “fault” for releasing offenders after two thirds of their sentence. They have no discretion on this issue. However, when it comes to parole, they have the public’s interest in the forefront.

[1] Report of The Canadian Sentencing Commission (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1987).

[2] Penitentiary Act (31 Vict.), c. 75.

[3] An Act to Provide for the Conditional Liberation of Convicts, S.C. 1899, c.49; R.S.C. 1906, c.50; R.S.C. 1927, c.197; R.S.C. 1952, c.264.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Report of a Committee Appointed to Inquire into the Principles and Procedures Followed in the Remission Service of the Department of Justice (Fateaux Report) (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1956).

[6] Sentencing Commission, supra at note 1 at pg 238.

[7] R.S.C. 1985, Chap. P-2.

[8] S.C. 1992, c. 20.

[9] Parole In Canada (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1970).

[10] http://www.npb-cnlc.gc.ca/about/corev_e.htm

[11] http://www.npb-cnlc.gc.ca/infocntr/factsh/parole_stats_e.htm

[12] http://www.npb-cnlc.gc.ca/infocntr/factsh/parole_stats_e.htm

[13] http://www.npb-cnlc.gc.ca/infocntr/myths_reality_e.htm#myththree (underlined emphasis added).